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<title>Pit fired pottery</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pit fired pottery</span></span>

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<p><b>Pit firing</b> is the oldest known method for the firing of <a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. Examples have been dated as early as 29,000–25,000 <a href="Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the earliest known <a href="Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a> dates to around 6000 BCE, and was found at the <a href="Yarim_Tepe" title="Yarim Tepe">Yarim Tepe</a> site in modern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Bienkowski_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bienkowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kiln" title="Kiln">Kilns</a> allow higher temperatures to be reached, use fuel more efficiently, and have long replaced pit firing as the most widespread method of firing pottery, although the technique still finds limited use amongst certain <a href="Studio_potters" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio potters">studio potters</a> and in Africa.

</p><p>Unfired pots are nestled together in a pit in the ground and are surrounded by combustible materials such as wood, shavings, dried <a href="Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, leaves, and sometimes <a href="Oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxides">metal oxides</a> and <a href="Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a> to affect the surface of the pots. The top of the pit may be protected with moist clay, shards, larger pieces of wood, or metal baffles. The filled pit is then set on fire and carefully tended until most of the inner fuel has been consumed. At around 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) the maximum temperatures are moderate compared to other techniques used for pottery,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pottery produced counts as <a href="Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>. After cooling, pots are removed and cleaned; there may be patterns and colours left by ash and salt deposits. Pots may then be waxed and buffed to create a smooth glossy finish.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2></div>

<p>Pit-firing continued in some parts of Africa until modern times. In <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, a firing mound, a large version of the pit, is still used at <a href="Kalabougou" title="Kalabougou">Kalabougou</a> to make pottery that is commercial, mainly made by the women of the village to be sold in the towns. Unfired pots are first brought to the place where a mound will be built, customarily by the women and girls of the village. The mound's foundation is made by placing sticks on the ground, then:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...]pots are positioned on and amid the branches and then grass is piled high to complete the mound. Although the mound contains the pots of many women, who are related through their husbands' extended families, each woman is responsible for her own or her immediate family's pots within the mound.

When a mound is completed and the ground around has been swept clean of residual combustible material, a senior potter lights the fire. A handful of grass is lit and the woman runs around the circumference of the mound touching the burning torch to the dried grass. Some mounds are still being constructed as others are already burning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Pit-firing continued to be used by <a href="Pueblo_pottery" title="Pueblo pottery">Pueblo potters</a>, in particular in <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and other areas of the <a href="Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>. This pottery is handmade, and potters dig clay locally to produce their wares. Tempering agents like sand, volcanic ash, or pieces of ground-up broken pottery are combined with the clay to harden it during the firing process. The vessels are then pit-fired in the ground. Wood, dung, coal, or other locally sourced materials are used as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-From_This_Earth_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_This_Earth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tewa_Worlds_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tewa_Worlds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Pueblo_pottery" title="Pueblo pottery">Pueblo pottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-on-black_ware" title="Black-on-black ware">Black-on-black ware</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing And Use In Design." D.W. Richerson. <i>CRC Press.</i> 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the Origins of Pottery." P.M.Rice. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory.</i> Vol 6, No.1. 1999.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_BienkowskiAlan_Millard2010" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Bienkowski; Alan Millard (15 April 2010). <i>Dictionary of the Ancient Near East</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 233. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8122-2115-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook." G.Nelson. Holt, <i>Rinehart & Winston.</i> 1984.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mastering Raku." S.Branfman. <i>Sterling Publishing Company.</i> 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldner2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Janet_Goldner" title="Janet Goldner">Goldner, Janet</a> (Spring 2007). "The women of Kalabougou". <i>African Arts</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>79. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fafar.2007.40.1.74">10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.74</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567441">57567441</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-From_This_Earth-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-From_This_Earth_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham1990" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Stewart (1990). <i>From This Earth: The Ancient Art of Pueblo Pottery</i>. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89013-204-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tewa_Worlds-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tewa_Worlds_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuwe2020" class="citation book cs1">Duwe, Samuel (2020). <i>Tewa Worlds: An Archaeological History of Being and Becoming in the Pueblo Southwest</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8165-4080-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li>Hamer, Frank and Janet. <i>The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques.</i> A & C Black Publishers, Limited, London, England, Third Edition 1991. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8122-3112-0</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceramicstoday.com/articles/090197.htm">Short article on pit firing.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceramicstoday.com/howto/htpitfire.htm">Brief 'How to' article.</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pottery_and_claywork228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> and claywork</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Glossary_of_pottery_terms" title="Glossary of pottery terms">Glossary of pottery terms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base minerals, and glazes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="China_stone" title="China stone">China stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Feldspar" title="Feldspar">Feldspar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Petuntse" title="Petuntse">Petuntse</a></li>

<li><a href="Ash_glaze" title="Ash glaze">Ash glaze</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead-glazed_earthenware" title="Lead-glazed earthenware">Lead-glazed</a></li>

<li><a href="Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustreware</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_glaze_pottery" title="Salt glaze pottery">Salt glazed</a></li>

<li><a href="Tin-glazed_pottery" title="Tin-glazed pottery">Tin-glazed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pottery" title="Pottery">Main types, by body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asbestos-ceramic" title="Asbestos-ceramic">Asbestos-ceramic</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">Egyptian faience</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironstone_china" title="Ironstone china">Ironstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasperware" title="Jasperware">Jasperware</a></li>

<li><a href="Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hard-paste_porcelain" title="Hard-paste porcelain">hard-paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft-paste_porcelain" title="Soft-paste porcelain">soft-paste</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li>

<li><a href="Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pottery#Methods_of_shaping" title="Pottery">Forming techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coiling_(pottery)" title="Coiling (pottery)">Coiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Moulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinch_pot" title="Pinch pot">Pinching</a></li>

<li><a href="RAM_press" title="RAM press">RAM pressing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip_casting" title="Slip casting">Slip casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Potter's_wheel#Techniques_of_throwing" title="Potter's wheel">Wheel throwing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes and decoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biscuit_(pottery)" title="Biscuit (pottery)">Biscuit firing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biscuit_porcelain" title="Biscuit porcelain">biscuit porcelain</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burnishing_(pottery)" title="Burnishing (pottery)">Burnishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pottery#Firing" title="Pottery">Firing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">Glazing</a></li>

<li><a href="China_painting" title="China painting">Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Saggar" title="Saggar">Saggar</a></li>

<li><a href="Slipware" title="Slipware">Slipware</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and red ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_and_white_pottery" title="Blue and white pottery">Blue and white</a></li>

<li><a href="Celadon" title="Celadon">Celadon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakiemon" title="Kakiemon">Kakiemon</a></li>

<li><a href="Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Rang_Mahal%2C_Sri_Ganganagar#Rang_Mahal_culture" title="Rang Mahal, Sri Ganganagar">Rang Mahal</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_pottery" title="Sea pottery">Sea pottery</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">History of pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Pre-conquest Americas</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persia</a></li>

<li><a href="Delftware" title="Delftware">Delftware</a></li>

<li><a href="Faience" title="Faience">Faience</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio_pottery" title="Studio pottery">Studio pottery</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_studio_potters" title="List of studio potters">list of potters</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tile" title="Tile">Tilework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-12-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pit_fired_pottery&oldid=1190334211">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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